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- $Unique_ID{BRK03530}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Blepharospasm, Benign Essential}
- $Subject{Blepharospasm, Benign Essential BEB Blepharospasm Secondary
- Blepharospasm Meige Syndrome Tardive Dyskinesia Wilson's Disease Tourette
- Syndrome Tetany Tetanus}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1990, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 17:
- Blepharospasm, Benign Essential
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Benign Essential
- Blepharospasm) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS
- listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- BEB
- Blepharospasm
- Secondary Blepharospasm
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Meige Syndrome
- Tardive Dyskinesia
- Wilson's Disease
- Tourette Syndrome
- Tetany
- Tetanus
-
- General Discussion
-
- **REMINDER **
- The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Benign Essential Blepharospasm is a rare disorder in which the muscles of
- the eyelids (orbiculares oculi) do not function properly. There are
- intermittent and involuntary contractions or spasms of the muscles around the
- eyes. Although the eyes themselves are unaffected, the patient may
- eventually become functionally blind because of an inability to open the
- eyelids. Benign Essential Blepharospasm is a form of dystonia, which is a
- group of neuromuscular disorders characterized by muscle spasms.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Benign Essential Blepharospasm is characterized in the early stages by an
- unusually frequent or forceful blinking of the eyes, as well as occasional
- short episodes of involuntary eye closure. Over a period of years, these
- episodes increase in frequency and duration. Ultimately, the eyes may be
- closed 75 percent of the time.
-
- Approximately two-thirds of patients also have a general lack of facial
- muscle tone, and one-third may experience purposeless, rhythmic, quivering
- movements (tremor). These episodes may be provoked by bright light,
- emotional stress, motion (such as riding in a car), and reading.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of Benign Essential Blepharospasm is not known. The disease
- results from the dysfunction of the 7th cranial nerve, but the underlying
- cause is not known. Benign Essential Blepharospasm is frequently but
- incorrectly considered to be a problem of psychological origin.
-
- There is some evidence suggesting that other types of dystonia might be
- inherited as a genetic disorder. There is no evidence to date that suggests
- that Benign Essential Blepharospasm is an inherited disorder.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Benign Essential Blepharospasm affects females more often than males in an
- approximate ratio of 3:2. Most patients are older than 50 when diagnosed,
- but cases have been diagnosed as early as 10 years of age. All different
- types of blepharospasm together are estimated to affect approximately 150,000
- individuals in the United States.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Benign
- Essential Blepharospasm. Comparisons may be useful for a differential
- diagnosis:
-
- Benign Essential Blepharospasm is a subtype of dystonia which is a group
- of neurological disorders characterized by muscle spasms. (For more
- information, choose "dystonia" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database.)
-
- Meige Syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that is characterized by
- rapid eye blinking and spasms of the muscles around the eye (blepharospasm).
- Major symptoms also include impairment of muscle tone and occasionally spasms
- of the facial muscles. People in late middle age are most often affected.
- Involuntary eyelid closure may result from spasms of the muscles around the
- eyes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Meige Syndrome" as
- your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Tardive Dyskinesia is a neurological disorder affecting the central
- nervous system that is associated with the long-term use of neuroleptic
- (antipsychotic) drugs. The major symptoms include involuntary and abnormal
- facial movements such as grimacing and smacking of the lips. Involuntary
- movements of the arms and legs may also occur. The symptoms of Tardive
- dyskinesia can mimic certain other neurological disorders. The syndrome
- usually occurs late in the course of drug therapy and may persist
- indefinitely after the medication is withdrawn. (For more information on
- this disorder, choose "Tardive Dyskinesia" as your search term in the Rare
- Disease Database).
-
- Wilson's Disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by excessive
- copper stored in various body tissues, particularly the liver, brain, and
- corneas of the eyes. Major symptoms include liver dysfunction, lack of
- coordination, tremor, spasticity, involuntary movements that may affect the
- eyes. Behavioral changes and diminished intellectual capacity may also
- occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Wilson" as your search
- term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Tourette Syndrome is a neurologic movement disorder that is characterized
- by repetitive motor and vocal tics. The first symptoms are usually rapid eye
- blinking or facial grimaces. Symptoms may also include involuntary
- movements of the extremities, shoulders, face and the voluntary muscles, with
- uncontrollable, inarticulate sounds and sometimes inappropriate words.
- Tourette Syndrome is not a progressive or degenerative disorder; rather,
- symptoms tend to be variable and follow a chronic waxing and waning course.
- Symptoms usually begin before the age of 16. (For more information on this
- disorder, choose "Tourette" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database).
-
- Tetany is a mineral imbalance characterized by spasms of the voluntary
- muscles.
-
- Tetanus is a bacterial infection characterized by spasms of the voluntary
- muscles and especially the muscles of the jaw (lockjaw). The tetanus
- bacteria are usually introduced through a wound.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Benign Essential Blepharospasm may be treated with anticholinergic drugs and
- with dopamine depleters such as tetrabenazine. The results of these drug
- treatments are moderate and often temporary.
-
- Two surgical approaches are in use. In a neurectomy, sections are taken
- off the branches of the facial nerve leading to the orbicularis oculi.
- Paralysis of the entire upper face may result, but the nerve branches tend to
- regenerate after a period of months or years. In a procedure called a
- protrator myectomy, the eyelid muscles themselves are destroyed. These
- procedures are not generally helpful to many patients with blepharospasm.
-
- The orphan drug Botulinum A toxin (trade name: Oculinum) has been
- approved by the FDA as a treatment for Blepharospasm. The technique of
- injecting small amounts of botulinum toxin into the orbicularis oculi
- paralyzes these muscles for several months, after which time the procedure
- must be repeated. Botulinum toxin injections have been very helpful for many
- Blepharospasm patients, but some people do not respond well. The drug is
- distributed by Allergran, Inc. For more information patients should ask
- their physician to contact: Allergan Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA
- 92713-9534.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- The orphan product Clostridium Botulinum Type F Neurotoxin, is being tested
- for the treatment of Benign Essential Blepharospasm. The product is
- manufactured by Porton Products Limited, 816 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington,
- DC, 20006.
-
- A chemomyectomy, a procedure that destroys the muscles of the eyelids by
- the injection of Doxorubicin (Adriamycin), has been tried on an experimental
- basis. The drug is injected into the upper and lower eyelid of patients with
- Benign Essential Blepharospasm. This study is being performed at the
- University of Minnesota Medical School. Doxorubicin is a potent, toxic
- chemotherapeutic agent used to treat advanced cancers and must be administered
- with extreme caution. The small number of patients treated with these
- injections did show improvement that was sustained for six months. More
- study is needed to determine the long term safety and effectiveness of this
- drug for treatment of Benign Essential Blepharospasm.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Benign Essential Blepharospasm, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Benign Essential Blepharospasm Research Foundation, Inc.
- P.O. Box 12468
- Beaumont, TX 77706
- (409) 832-0788
-
- NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5751
- (800) 352-9424
-
- Dystonia Medical Research Foundation
- One E. Wacker Dr., Suite 2900
- Chicago, IL 60601-2001
- (312) 755-0198
-
- References
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2135-2135.
-
- OPHTHALMOLOGY: PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS, 7th Ed.; Frank W. Newell, Mosby
- Year Book, 1991. Pp. 194.
-
- FACIAL DYSTONIAS, ESSENTIAL BLEPHAROSPASM AND HEMIFACIAL SPASM, J.B.
- Hold; Am Fam Physician (June 1991; 43(6)): Pp. 2113-2120.
-
- CRANIAL DYSTONIA, BLEPHAROSPASM AND HEMIFACIAL SPASM: CLINICAL FEATURES
- AND TREATMENT, INCLUDING THE USE OF BOTULINUM TOXIN, Kraft, S.P., et al.;
- Can. Med. Assoc. J. (Nov. 1, 1988; 139 (9)): Pp. 837-44.
-
- BOTULINUM TOXIN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BLEPHAROSPASM, Dutton J.J., et al;
- Arch. Neurol. (April, 1986; 43 (4)): Pp. 380-2.
-
- CLINICAL DOXORUBICIN CHEMOMYECTOMY. AN EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT FOR BENIGN
- ESSENTIAL BLEPHAROSPASM AND HEMIFACIAL SPASM, J.D. Wirtschafter;
- Ophthalmology (March 1991; 98(3)): Pp. 357-366.
-
- A GENETIC STUDY OF IDIOPATHIC FOCAL DYSTONIAS, H.M. Waddy et al.; Annals
- Neurology (March 1991; 29(3)): Pp. 320-324.
-
-